This CL moves default values for
leveldb::{Options,ReadOptions,WriteOptions} from constructors to member
declarations, and removes now-redundant comments stating the defaults.

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Created by MOE: https://github.com/google/moe
MOE_MIGRATED_REVID=239271242

ssize_t is not standard C++. It is a POSIX extension. Therefore, it does
not belong in generic code.

This change tweaks the logic in DBIter to remove the need for signed
integers, so ssize_t can be replaced with size_t. The impacted method
and private member are renamed to better express their purpose.

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Created by MOE: https://github.com/google/moe
MOE_MIGRATED_REVID=211471606

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Created by MOE: https://github.com/google/moe
MOE_MIGRATED_REVID=192365747

After this CL, all classes with Mutex members should be covered by annotations. Exceptions are atomic members, which shouldn't need locking, and DBImpl members that cause errors when annotated, which will be tackled separately.

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Created by MOE: https://github.com/google/moe
MOE_MIGRATED_REVID=190260865

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Created by MOE: https://github.com/google/moe
MOE_MIGRATED_REVID=171708408

(Based on a suggestion by cmumford.)

"open" benchmark on my workstation speeds up significantly since we
can now avoid three fdatasync calls and a compaction per open:

  Before: ~80000 microseconds
  After:    ~130 microseconds

Details:

(1) Added Options::reuse_logs (currently defaults to false) to control
new behavior.  The intention is to change the default to true after some
baking.

(2) Added Env::NewAppendableFile() whose default implementation returns
a not-supported error.

(3) VersionSet::Recovery attempts to reuse the MANIFEST from which
it is recovering.

(4) DBImpl recovery attempts to reuse the last log file and memtable.

(5) db_test.cc now tests a new configuration that sets reuse_logs to true.

(6) fault_injection_test also tests a reuse_logs==true config.

(7) Added a new recovery_test.

This test is intended to ensure leveldb properly detects and recovers from
faults - specifically unwritten file data lost as a result of a system reset.