leveldb_assignment_ttl/third_party/googletest/docs/primer.md

Googletest Primer

Introduction: Why googletest?

googletest helps you write better C++ tests.

googletest is a testing framework developed by the Testing Technology team with Google's specific requirements and constraints in mind. Whether you work on Linux, Windows, or a Mac, if you write C++ code, googletest can help you. And it supports any kind of tests, not just unit tests.

So what makes a good test, and how does googletest fit in? We believe:

1. Tests should be independent and repeatable. It's a pain to debug a test that succeeds or fails as a result of other tests. googletest isolates the tests by running each of them on a different object. When a test fails, googletest allows you to run it in isolation for quick debugging.
2. Tests should be well organized and reflect the structure of the tested code. googletest groups related tests into test suites that can share data and subroutines. This common pattern is easy to recognize and makes tests easy to maintain. Such consistency is especially helpful when people switch projects and start to work on a new code base.
3. Tests should be portable and reusable. Google has a lot of code that is platform-neutral; its tests should also be platform-neutral. googletest works on different OSes, with different compilers, with or without exceptions, so googletest tests can work with a variety of configurations.
4. When tests fail, they should provide as much information about the problem as possible. googletest doesn't stop at the first test failure. Instead, it only stops the current test and continues with the next. You can also set up tests that report non-fatal failures after which the current test continues. Thus, you can detect and fix multiple bugs in a single run-edit-compile cycle.
5. The testing framework should liberate test writers from housekeeping chores and let them focus on the test content. googletest automatically keeps track of all tests defined, and doesn't require the user to enumerate them in order to run them.
6. Tests should be fast. With googletest, you can reuse shared resources across tests and pay for the set-up/tear-down only once, without making tests depend on each other.

Since googletest is based on the popular xUnit architecture, you'll feel right at home if you've used JUnit or PyUnit before. If not, it will take you about 10 minutes to learn the basics and get started. So let's go!

Beware of the nomenclature

{: .callout .note} Note: There might be some confusion arising from different definitions of the terms Test, Test Case and Test Suite, so beware of misunderstanding these.

Historically, googletest started to use the term Test Case for grouping related tests, whereas current publications, including International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB) materials and various textbooks on software quality, use the term Test Suite for this.

The related term Test, as it is used in googletest, corresponds to the term Test Case of ISTQB and others.

The term Test is commonly of broad enough sense, including ISTQB's definition of Test Case, so it's not much of a problem here. But the term Test Case as was used in Google Test is of contradictory sense and thus confusing.

googletest recently started replacing the term Test Case with Test Suite. The preferred API is TestSuite. The older TestCase API is being slowly deprecated and refactored away.

So please be aware of the different definitions of the terms:

Meaning	googletest Term	ISTQB Term
Exercise a particular program path with specific input values and verify the results	TEST()	Test Case

Basic Concepts

When using googletest, you start by writing assertions, which are statements that check whether a condition is true. An assertion's result can be success, nonfatal failure, or fatal failure. If a fatal failure occurs, it aborts the current function; otherwise the program continues normally.

Tests use assertions to verify the tested code's behavior. If a test crashes or has a failed assertion, then it fails; otherwise it succeeds.

A test suite contains one or many tests. You should group your tests into test suites that reflect the structure of the tested code. When multiple tests in a test suite need to share common objects and subroutines, you can put them into a test fixture class.

A test program can contain multiple test suites.

We'll now explain how to write a test program, starting at the individual assertion level and building up to tests and test suites.

Assertions

googletest assertions are macros that resemble function calls. You test a class or function by making assertions about its behavior. When an assertion fails, googletest prints the assertion's source file and line number location, along with a failure message. You may also supply a custom failure message which will be appended to googletest's message.

The assertions come in pairs that test the same thing but have different effects on the current function. ASSERT_* versions generate fatal failures when they fail, and abort the current function. EXPECT_* versions generate nonfatal failures, which don't abort the current function. Usually EXPECT_* are preferred, as they allow more than one failure to be reported in a test. However, you should use ASSERT_* if it doesn't make sense to continue when the assertion in question fails.

Since a failed ASSERT_* returns from the current function immediately, possibly skipping clean-up code that comes after it, it may cause a space leak. Depending on the nature of the leak, it may or may not be worth fixing - so keep this in mind if you get a heap checker error in addition to assertion errors.

To provide a custom failure message, simply stream it into the macro using the << operator or a sequence of such operators. An example:

ASSERT_EQ(x.size(), y.size()) << "Vectors x and y are of unequal length";

for (int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) {
  EXPECT_EQ(x[i], y[i]) << "Vectors x and y differ at index " << i;
}

Anything that can be streamed to an ostream can be streamed to an assertion macro--in particular, C strings and string objects. If a wide string (wchar_t*, TCHAR* in UNICODE mode on Windows, or std::wstring) is streamed to an assertion, it will be translated to UTF-8 when printed.

Basic Assertions

These assertions do basic true/false condition testing.

Fatal assertion	Nonfatal assertion	Verifies
ASSERT_TRUE(condition);	EXPECT_TRUE(condition);	condition is true
ASSERT_FALSE(condition);	EXPECT_FALSE(condition);	condition is false

Remember, when they fail, ASSERT_* yields a fatal failure and returns from the current function, while EXPECT_* yields a nonfatal failure, allowing the function to continue running. In either case, an assertion failure means its containing test fails.

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

Binary Comparison

This section describes assertions that compare two values.

Fatal assertion	Nonfatal assertion	Verifies
ASSERT_EQ(val1, val2);	EXPECT_EQ(val1, val2);	val1 == val2
ASSERT_NE(val1, val2);	EXPECT_NE(val1, val2);	val1 != val2
ASSERT_LT(val1, val2);	EXPECT_LT(val1, val2);	val1 < val2
ASSERT_LE(val1, val2);	EXPECT_LE(val1, val2);	val1 <= val2
ASSERT_GT(val1, val2);	EXPECT_GT(val1, val2);	val1 > val2
ASSERT_GE(val1, val2);	EXPECT_GE(val1, val2);	val1 >= val2

Value arguments must be comparable by the assertion's comparison operator or you'll get a compiler error. We used to require the arguments to support the << operator for streaming to an ostream, but this is no longer necessary. If << is supported, it will be called to print the arguments when the assertion fails; otherwise googletest will attempt to print them in the best way it can. For more details and how to customize the printing of the arguments, see the documentation.

These assertions can work with a user-defined type, but only if you define the corresponding comparison operator (e.g., == or <). Since this is discouraged by the Google C++ Style Guide, you may need to use ASSERT_TRUE() or EXPECT_TRUE() to assert the equality of two objects of a user-defined type.

However, when possible, ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected) is preferred to ASSERT_TRUE(actual == expected), since it tells you actual and expected's values on failure.

Arguments are always evaluated exactly once. Therefore, it's OK for the arguments to have side effects. However, as with any ordinary C/C++ function, the arguments' evaluation order is undefined (i.e., the compiler is free to choose any order), and your code should not depend on any particular argument evaluation order.

ASSERT_EQ() does pointer equality on pointers. If used on two C strings, it tests if they are in the same memory location, not if they have the same value. Therefore, if you want to compare C strings (e.g. const char*) by value, use ASSERT_STREQ(), which will be described later on. In particular, to assert that a C string is NULL, use ASSERT_STREQ(c_string, NULL). Consider using ASSERT_EQ(c_string, nullptr) if c++11 is supported. To compare two string objects, you should use ASSERT_EQ.

When doing pointer comparisons use *_EQ(ptr, nullptr) and *_NE(ptr, nullptr) instead of *_EQ(ptr, NULL) and *_NE(ptr, NULL). This is because nullptr is typed, while NULL is not. See the FAQ for more details.

If you're working with floating point numbers, you may want to use the floating point variations of some of these macros in order to avoid problems caused by rounding. See Advanced googletest Topics for details.

Macros in this section work with both narrow and wide string objects (string and wstring).

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

Historical note: Before February 2016 *_EQ had a convention of calling it as ASSERT_EQ(expected, actual), so lots of existing code uses this order. Now *_EQ treats both parameters in the same way.

String Comparison

The assertions in this group compare two C strings. If you want to compare two string objects, use EXPECT_EQ, EXPECT_NE, and etc instead.

Fatal assertion	Nonfatal assertion	Verifies
ASSERT_STREQ(str1,str2);	EXPECT_STREQ(str1,str2);	the two C strings have the same content
ASSERT_STRNE(str1,str2);	EXPECT_STRNE(str1,str2);	the two C strings have different contents
ASSERT_STRCASEEQ(str1,str2);	EXPECT_STRCASEEQ(str1,str2);	the two C strings have the same content, ignoring case
ASSERT_STRCASENE(str1,str2);	EXPECT_STRCASENE(str1,str2);	the two C strings have different contents, ignoring case

Note that "CASE" in an assertion name means that case is ignored. A NULL pointer and an empty string are considered different.

*STREQ* and *STRNE* also accept wide C strings (wchar_t*). If a comparison of two wide strings fails, their values will be printed as UTF-8 narrow strings.

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

See also: For more string comparison tricks (substring, prefix, suffix, and regular expression matching, for example), see this in the Advanced googletest Guide.

Simple Tests

To create a test:

1. Use the TEST() macro to define and name a test function. These are ordinary C++ functions that don't return a value.
2. In this function, along with any valid C++ statements you want to include, use the various googletest assertions to check values.
3. The test's result is determined by the assertions; if any assertion in the test fails (either fatally or non-fatally), or if the test crashes, the entire test fails. Otherwise, it succeeds.

TEST(TestSuiteName, TestName) {
  ... test body ...
}

TEST() arguments go from general to specific. The first argument is the name of the test suite, and the second argument is the test's name within the test suite. Both names must be valid C++ identifiers, and they should not contain any underscores (_). A test's full name consists of its containing test suite and its individual name. Tests from different test suites can have the same individual name.

For example, let's take a simple integer function:

int Factorial(int n);  // Returns the factorial of n

A test suite for this function might look like:

// Tests factorial of 0.
TEST(FactorialTest, HandlesZeroInput) {
  EXPECT_EQ(Factorial(0), 1);
}

// Tests factorial of positive numbers.
TEST(FactorialTest, HandlesPositiveInput) {
  EXPECT_EQ(Factorial(1), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(Factorial(2), 2);
  EXPECT_EQ(Factorial(3), 6);
  EXPECT_EQ(Factorial(8), 40320);
}

googletest groups the test results by test suites, so logically related tests should be in the same test suite; in other words, the first argument to their TEST() should be the same. In the above example, we have two tests, HandlesZeroInput and HandlesPositiveInput, that belong to the same test suite FactorialTest.

When naming your test suites and tests, you should follow the same convention as for naming functions and classes.

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

Test Fixtures: Using the Same Data Configuration for Multiple Tests

If you find yourself writing two or more tests that operate on similar data, you can use a test fixture. This allows you to reuse the same configuration of objects for several different tests.

To create a fixture:

1. Derive a class from ::testing::Test . Start its body with protected:, as we'll want to access fixture members from sub-classes.
2. Inside the class, declare any objects you plan to use.
3. If necessary, write a default constructor or SetUp() function to prepare the objects for each test. A common mistake is to spell SetUp() as Setup() with a small u - Use override in C++11 to make sure you spelled it correctly.
4. If necessary, write a destructor or TearDown() function to release any resources you allocated in SetUp() . To learn when you should use the constructor/destructor and when you should use SetUp()/TearDown(), read the FAQ.
5. If needed, define subroutines for your tests to share.

When using a fixture, use TEST_F() instead of TEST() as it allows you to access objects and subroutines in the test fixture:

TEST_F(TestFixtureName, TestName) {
  ... test body ...
}

Like TEST(), the first argument is the test suite name, but for TEST_F() this must be the name of the test fixture class. You've probably guessed: _F is for fixture.

Unfortunately, the C++ macro system does not allow us to create a single macro that can handle both types of tests. Using the wrong macro causes a compiler error.

Also, you must first define a test fixture class before using it in a TEST_F(), or you'll get the compiler error "virtual outside class declaration".

For each test defined with TEST_F(), googletest will create a fresh test fixture at runtime, immediately initialize it via SetUp(), run the test, clean up by calling TearDown(), and then delete the test fixture. Note that different tests in the same test suite have different test fixture objects, and googletest always deletes a test fixture before it creates the next one. googletest does not reuse the same test fixture for multiple tests. Any changes one test makes to the fixture do not affect other tests.

As an example, let's write tests for a FIFO queue class named Queue, which has the following interface:

template <typename E>  // E is the element type.
class Queue {
 public:
  Queue();
  void Enqueue(const E& element);
  E* Dequeue();  // Returns NULL if the queue is empty.
  size_t size() const;
  ...
};

First, define a fixture class. By convention, you should give it the name FooTest where Foo is the class being tested.

class QueueTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
  void SetUp() override {
     q1_.Enqueue(1);
     q2_.Enqueue(2);
     q2_.Enqueue(3);
  }

  // void TearDown() override {}

  Queue<int> q0_;
  Queue<int> q1_;
  Queue<int> q2_;
};

In this case, TearDown() is not needed since we don't have to clean up after each test, other than what's already done by the destructor.

Now we'll write tests using TEST_F() and this fixture.

TEST_F(QueueTest, IsEmptyInitially) {
  EXPECT_EQ(q0_.size(), 0);
}

TEST_F(QueueTest, DequeueWorks) {
  int* n = q0_.Dequeue();
  EXPECT_EQ(n, nullptr);

  n = q1_.Dequeue();
  ASSERT_NE(n, nullptr);
  EXPECT_EQ(*n, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(q1_.size(), 0);
  delete n;

  n = q2_.Dequeue();
  ASSERT_NE(n, nullptr);
  EXPECT_EQ(*n, 2);
  EXPECT_EQ(q2_.size(), 1);
  delete n;
}

The above uses both ASSERT_* and EXPECT_* assertions. The rule of thumb is to use EXPECT_* when you want the test to continue to reveal more errors after the assertion failure, and use ASSERT_* when continuing after failure doesn't make sense. For example, the second assertion in the Dequeue test is ASSERT_NE(nullptr, n), as we need to dereference the pointer n later, which would lead to a segfault when n is NULL.

When these tests run, the following happens:

1. googletest constructs a QueueTest object (let's call it t1).
2. t1.SetUp() initializes t1.
3. The first test (IsEmptyInitially) runs on t1.
4. t1.TearDown() cleans up after the test finishes.
5. t1 is destructed.
6. The above steps are repeated on another QueueTest object, this time running the DequeueWorks test.

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

Invoking the Tests

TEST() and TEST_F() implicitly register their tests with googletest. So, unlike with many other C++ testing frameworks, you don't have to re-list all your defined tests in order to run them.

After defining your tests, you can run them with RUN_ALL_TESTS(), which returns 0 if all the tests are successful, or 1 otherwise. Note that RUN_ALL_TESTS() runs all tests in your link unit--they can be from different test suites, or even different source files.

When invoked, the RUN_ALL_TESTS() macro:

• Saves the state of all googletest flags.

• Creates a test fixture object for the first test.

• Initializes it via SetUp().

• Runs the test on the fixture object.

• Cleans up the fixture via TearDown().

• Deletes the fixture.

• Restores the state of all googletest flags.

• Repeats the above steps for the next test, until all tests have run.

If a fatal failure happens the subsequent steps will be skipped.

{: .callout .important}

IMPORTANT: You must not ignore the return value of RUN_ALL_TESTS(), or you will get a compiler error. The rationale for this design is that the automated testing service determines whether a test has passed based on its exit code, not on its stdout/stderr output; thus your main() function must return the value of RUN_ALL_TESTS().

Also, you should call RUN_ALL_TESTS() only once. Calling it more than once conflicts with some advanced googletest features (e.g., thread-safe death tests) and thus is not supported.

Availability: Linux, Windows, Mac.

Writing the main() Function

Most users should not need to write their own main function and instead link with gtest_main (as opposed to with gtest), which defines a suitable entry point. See the end of this section for details. The remainder of this section should only apply when you need to do something custom before the tests run that cannot be expressed within the framework of fixtures and test suites.

If you write your own main function, it should return the value of RUN_ALL_TESTS().

You can start from this boilerplate:

#include "this/package/foo.h"

#include "gtest/gtest.h"

namespace my {
namespace project {
namespace {

// The fixture for testing class Foo.
class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
  // You can remove any or all of the following functions if their bodies would
  // be empty.

  FooTest() {
     // You can do set-up work for each test here.
  }

  ~FooTest() override {
     // You can do clean-up work that doesn't throw exceptions here.
  }

  // If the constructor and destructor are not enough for setting up
  // and cleaning up each test, you can define the following methods:

  void SetUp() override {
     // Code here will be called immediately after the constructor (right
     // before each test).
  }

  void TearDown() override {
     // Code here will be called immediately after each test (right
     // before the destructor).
  }

  // Class members declared here can be used by all tests in the test suite
  // for Foo.
};

// Tests that the Foo::Bar() method does Abc.
TEST_F(FooTest, MethodBarDoesAbc) {
  const std::string input_filepath = "this/package/testdata/myinputfile.dat";
  const std::string output_filepath = "this/package/testdata/myoutputfile.dat";
  Foo f;
  EXPECT_EQ(f.Bar(input_filepath, output_filepath), 0);
}

// Tests that Foo does Xyz.
TEST_F(FooTest, DoesXyz) {
  // Exercises the Xyz feature of Foo.
}

}  // namespace
}  // namespace project
}  // namespace my

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

The ::testing::InitGoogleTest() function parses the command line for googletest flags, and removes all recognized flags. This allows the user to control a test program's behavior via various flags, which we'll cover in the AdvancedGuide. You must call this function before calling RUN_ALL_TESTS(), or the flags won't be properly initialized.

On Windows, InitGoogleTest() also works with wide strings, so it can be used in programs compiled in UNICODE mode as well.

But maybe you think that writing all those main functions is too much work? We agree with you completely, and that's why Google Test provides a basic implementation of main(). If it fits your needs, then just link your test with the gtest_main library and you are good to go.

{: .callout .note} NOTE: ParseGUnitFlags() is deprecated in favor of InitGoogleTest().

Known Limitations

• Google Test is designed to be thread-safe. The implementation is thread-safe on systems where the pthreads library is available. It is currently unsafe to use Google Test assertions from two threads concurrently on other systems (e.g. Windows). In most tests this is not an issue as usually the assertions are done in the main thread. If you want to help, you can volunteer to implement the necessary synchronization primitives in gtest-port.h for your platform.