init lab2

lab1/.ipynb_checkpoints/hw1-checkpoint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+sort data.txt | uniq -u
+sort -n data.txt | uniq -u
+sort data.txt > data2
+sort -n data.txt > data3
+sort data.txt >> data2
+sort -n data.txt >> data3
+
+grep ABC data.txt
+grep -o ABC data.txt
+grep ABC data.txt | wc -l
+grep -o ABC data.txt | wc

lab2/datalab-handout/Driverhdrs.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#
+# This file contains configuration variables for drivers.
+# It was generated by genhdrs.pl. Do not modify it.
+#
+package Driverhdrs;
+
+$LAB = "datalab";
+$SERVER_NAME = "changeme.ics.cs.cmu.edu";
+$SERVER_PORT = 8081;
+$COURSE_NAME = "csapp";
+$AUTOGRADE_TIMEOUT = 0;
+1;

lab2/datalab-handout/Driverlib.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+###############################################################
+# Driverlib.pm - A package of helper functions for Perl drivers
+# 
+# Copyright (c) 2005 David R. O'Hallaron, All rights reserved.
+###############################################################
+
+package Driverlib;
+
+use Socket;
+
+# Autogenerated header file with lab-specific constants
+use lib ".";
+use Driverhdrs;
+
+require Exporter;
+@ISA = qw(Exporter);
+@EXPORT = qw(
+	     driver_post
+	     );
+
+use strict;
+
+#####
+# Public functions
+#
+
+#
+# driver_post - This is the routine that a driver calls when 
+#    it needs to transmit an autoresult string to the result server.
+#
+sub driver_post ($$) {
+    my $userid = shift;       # User id for this submission
+    my $result = shift;       # Autoresult string
+    my $autograded = shift;   # Set if called by an autograder
+
+    # Echo the autoresult string to stdout if the driver was called
+    # by an autograder
+    if ($autograded) {
+        print "\n";
+        print "AUTORESULT_STRING=$result\n";
+        return;
+    }	
+
+    # If the driver was called with a specific userid, then submit
+    # the autoresult string to the result server over the Internet.
+    if ($userid) {
+        my $status = submitr($Driverhdrs::SERVER_NAME, 
+                             $Driverhdrs::SERVER_PORT, 
+                             $Driverhdrs::COURSE_NAME, 
+                             $userid, 
+                             $Driverhdrs::LAB, 
+                             $result);
+        
+        # Print the status of the transfer
+        if (!($status =~ /OK/)) {
+            print "$status\n";
+            print "Did not send autoresult string to the result server.\n";
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        print "Success: Sent autoresult string for $userid to the result server.\n";
+    }	
+}
+
+
+#####
+# Private functions
+#
+
+#
+# submitr - Sends an autoresult string to the result server
+#
+sub submitr ($$$$$$) {
+    my $hostname = shift;
+    my $port = shift;
+    my $course = shift;
+    my $userid = shift;
+    my $lab = shift;
+    my $result = shift;
+
+    my $internet_addr;
+    my $enc_result;
+    my $paddr;
+    my $line;
+    my $http_version;
+    my $errcode;
+    my $errmsg;
+
+    # Establish the connection to the server
+    socket(SERVER, PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, getprotobyname('tcp'));
+    $internet_addr = inet_aton($hostname)
+        or die "Could not convert $hostname to an internet address: $!\n";
+    $paddr = sockaddr_in($port, $internet_addr);
+    connect(SERVER, $paddr)
+        or die "Could not connect to $hostname:$port:$!\n";
+
+    select((select(SERVER), $| = 1)[0]); # enable command buffering
+
+    # Send HTTP request to server
+    $enc_result = url_encode($result);
+    print SERVER  "GET /$course/submitr.pl/?userid=$userid&lab=$lab&result=$enc_result&submit=submit HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
+
+    # Get first HTTP response line
+    $line = <SERVER>;
+    chomp($line);
+    ($http_version, $errcode, $errmsg) = split(/\s+/, $line);
+    if ($errcode != 200) {
+        return "Error: HTTP request failed with error $errcode: $errmsg";
+    }
+
+    # Read the remaining HTTP response header lines
+    while ($line = <SERVER>) {
+        if ($line =~ /^\r\n/) {
+            last;
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Read and return the response from the result server
+    $line = <SERVER>;
+    chomp($line);
+
+    close SERVER;
+    return $line;
+    
+}
+
+#
+# url_encode - Encode text string so it can be included in URI of GET request
+#
+sub url_encode ($) {
+    my $value = shift;
+
+    $value =~s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_\-.])/uc sprintf("%%%02x",ord($1))/eg;
+    return $value;
+}
+
+# Always end a module with a 1 so that it returns TRUE
+1;
+

lab2/datalab-handout/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#
+# Makefile that builds btest and other helper programs for the CS:APP data lab
+# 
+CC = gcc
+CFLAGS = -O -Wall -m32
+LIBS = -lm
+
+all: btest fshow ishow
+
+btest: btest.c bits.c decl.c tests.c btest.h bits.h
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LIBS) -o btest bits.c btest.c decl.c tests.c
+
+fshow: fshow.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o fshow fshow.c
+
+ishow: ishow.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o ishow ishow.c
+
+# Forces a recompile. Used by the driver program. 
+btestexplicit:
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LIBS) -o btest bits.c btest.c decl.c tests.c 
+
+clean:
+	rm -f *.o btest fshow ishow *~
+
+

lab2/datalab-handout/README

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+***********************
+The CS:APP Data Lab
+Directions to Students
+***********************
+
+Your goal is to modify your copy of bits.c so that it passes all the
+tests in btest without violating any of the coding guidelines.
+
+
+*********
+0. Files:
+*********
+
+Makefile	- Makes btest, fshow, and ishow
+README		- This file
+bits.c		- The file you will be modifying and handing in
+bits.h		- Header file
+btest.c		- The main btest program
+  btest.h	- Used to build btest
+  decl.c	- Used to build btest
+  tests.c       - Used to build btest
+  tests-header.c- Used to build btest
+dlc*		- Rule checking compiler binary (data lab compiler)	 
+driver.pl*	- Driver program that uses btest and dlc to autograde bits.c
+Driverhdrs.pm   - Header file for optional "Beat the Prof" contest
+fshow.c		- Utility for examining floating-point representations
+ishow.c		- Utility for examining integer representations
+
+***********************************************************
+1. Modifying bits.c and checking it for compliance with dlc
+***********************************************************
+
+IMPORTANT: Carefully read the instructions in the bits.c file before
+you start. These give the coding rules that you will need to follow if
+you want full credit.
+
+Use the dlc compiler (./dlc) to automatically check your version of
+bits.c for compliance with the coding guidelines:
+
+       unix> ./dlc bits.c
+
+dlc returns silently if there are no problems with your code.
+Otherwise it prints messages that flag any problems.  Running dlc with
+the -e switch:
+
+    	unix> ./dlc -e bits.c  
+
+causes dlc to print counts of the number of operators used by each function.
+
+Once you have a legal solution, you can test it for correctness using
+the ./btest program.
+
+*********************
+2. Testing with btest
+*********************
+
+The Makefile in this directory compiles your version of bits.c with
+additional code to create a program (or test harness) named btest.
+
+To compile and run the btest program, type:
+
+    unix> make btest
+    unix> ./btest [optional cmd line args]
+
+You will need to recompile btest each time you change your bits.c
+program. When moving from one platform to another, you will want to
+get rid of the old version of btest and generate a new one.  Use the
+commands:
+
+    unix> make clean
+    unix> make btest
+
+Btest tests your code for correctness by running millions of test
+cases on each function.  It tests wide swaths around well known corner
+cases such as Tmin and zero for integer puzzles, and zero, inf, and
+the boundary between denormalized and normalized numbers for floating
+point puzzles. When btest detects an error in one of your functions,
+it prints out the test that failed, the incorrect result, and the
+expected result, and then terminates the testing for that function.
+
+Here are the command line options for btest:
+
+  unix> ./btest -h
+  Usage: ./btest [-hg] [-r <n>] [-f <name> [-1|-2|-3 <val>]*] [-T <time limit>]
+    -1 <val>  Specify first function argument
+    -2 <val>  Specify second function argument
+    -3 <val>  Specify third function argument
+    -f <name> Test only the named function
+    -g        Format output for autograding with no error messages
+    -h        Print this message
+    -r <n>    Give uniform weight of n for all problems
+    -T <lim>  Set timeout limit to lim
+
+Examples:
+
+  Test all functions for correctness and print out error messages:
+  unix> ./btest
+
+  Test all functions in a compact form with no error messages:
+  unix> ./btest -g
+
+  Test function foo for correctness:
+  unix> ./btest -f foo
+
+  Test function foo for correctness with specific arguments:
+  unix> ./btest -f foo -1 27 -2 0xf
+
+Btest does not check your code for compliance with the coding
+guidelines.  Use dlc to do that.
+
+*******************
+3. Helper Programs
+*******************
+
+We have included the ishow and fshow programs to help you decipher
+integer and floating point representations respectively. Each takes a
+single decimal or hex number as an argument. To build them type:
+
+    unix> make
+
+Example usages:
+
+    unix> ./ishow 0x27
+    Hex = 0x00000027,	Signed = 39,	Unsigned = 39
+
+    unix> ./ishow 27
+    Hex = 0x0000001b,	Signed = 27,	Unsigned = 27
+
+    unix> ./fshow 0x15213243
+    Floating point value 3.255334057e-26
+    Bit Representation 0x15213243, sign = 0, exponent = 0x2a, fraction = 0x213243
+    Normalized.  +1.2593463659 X 2^(-85)
+
+    linux> ./fshow 15213243
+    Floating point value 2.131829405e-38
+    Bit Representation 0x00e822bb, sign = 0, exponent = 0x01, fraction = 0x6822bb
+    Normalized.  +1.8135598898 X 2^(-126)
+
+
+

lab2/datalab-handout/bits.c

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/* 
+ * CS:APP Data Lab 
+ * 
+ * <Please put your name and userid here>
+ * 
+ * bits.c - Source file with your solutions to the Lab.
+ *          This is the file you will hand in to your instructor.
+ *
+ * WARNING: Do not include the <stdio.h> header; it confuses the dlc
+ * compiler. You can still use printf for debugging without including
+ * <stdio.h>, although you might get a compiler warning. In general,
+ * it's not good practice to ignore compiler warnings, but in this
+ * case it's OK.  
+ */
+
+#if 0
+/*
+ * Instructions to Students:
+ *
+ * STEP 1: Read the following instructions carefully.
+ */
+
+You will provide your solution to the Data Lab by
+editing the collection of functions in this source file.
+
+INTEGER CODING RULES:
+ 
+  Replace the "return" statement in each function with one
+  or more lines of C code that implements the function. Your code 
+  must conform to the following style:
+ 
+  int Funct(arg1, arg2, ...) {
+      /* brief description of how your implementation works */
+      int var1 = Expr1;
+      ...
+      int varM = ExprM;
+
+      varJ = ExprJ;
+      ...
+      varN = ExprN;
+      return ExprR;
+  }
+
+  Each "Expr" is an expression using ONLY the following:
+  1. Integer constants 0 through 255 (0xFF), inclusive. You are
+      not allowed to use big constants such as 0xffffffff.
+  2. Function arguments and local variables (no global variables).
+  3. Unary integer operations ! ~
+  4. Binary integer operations & ^ | + << >>
+    
+  Some of the problems restrict the set of allowed operators even further.
+  Each "Expr" may consist of multiple operators. You are not restricted to
+  one operator per line.
+
+  You are expressly forbidden to:
+  1. Use any control constructs such as if, do, while, for, switch, etc.
+  2. Define or use any macros.
+  3. Define any additional functions in this file.
+  4. Call any functions.
+  5. Use any other operations, such as &&, ||, -, or ?:
+  6. Use any form of casting.
+  7. Use any data type other than int.  This implies that you
+     cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
+
+ 
+  You may assume that your machine:
+  1. Uses 2s complement, 32-bit representations of integers.
+  2. Performs right shifts arithmetically.
+  3. Has unpredictable behavior when shifting if the shift amount
+     is less than 0 or greater than 31.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE CODING STYLE:
+  /*
+   * pow2plus1 - returns 2^x + 1, where 0 <= x <= 31
+   */
+  int pow2plus1(int x) {
+     /* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
+     return (1 << x) + 1;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * pow2plus4 - returns 2^x + 4, where 0 <= x <= 31
+   */
+  int pow2plus4(int x) {
+     /* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
+     int result = (1 << x);
+     result += 4;
+     return result;
+  }
+
+FLOATING POINT CODING RULES
+
+For the problems that require you to implement floating-point operations,
+the coding rules are less strict.  You are allowed to use looping and
+conditional control.  You are allowed to use both ints and unsigneds.
+You can use arbitrary integer and unsigned constants. You can use any arithmetic,
+logical, or comparison operations on int or unsigned data.
+
+You are expressly forbidden to:
+  1. Define or use any macros.
+  2. Define any additional functions in this file.
+  3. Call any functions.
+  4. Use any form of casting.
+  5. Use any data type other than int or unsigned.  This means that you
+     cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
+  6. Use any floating point data types, operations, or constants.
+
+
+NOTES:
+  1. Use the dlc (data lab checker) compiler (described in the handout) to 
+     check the legality of your solutions.
+  2. Each function has a maximum number of operations (integer, logical,
+     or comparison) that you are allowed to use for your implementation
+     of the function.  The max operator count is checked by dlc.
+     Note that assignment ('=') is not counted; you may use as many of
+     these as you want without penalty.
+  3. Use the btest test harness to check your functions for correctness.
+  4. Use the BDD checker to formally verify your functions
+  5. The maximum number of ops for each function is given in the
+     header comment for each function. If there are any inconsistencies 
+     between the maximum ops in the writeup and in this file, consider
+     this file the authoritative source.
+
+/*
+ * STEP 2: Modify the following functions according the coding rules.
+ * 
+ *   IMPORTANT. TO AVOID GRADING SURPRISES:
+ *   1. Use the dlc compiler to check that your solutions conform
+ *      to the coding rules.
+ *   2. Use the BDD checker to formally verify that your solutions produce 
+ *      the correct answers.
+ */
+
+
+#endif
+//1
+/* 
+ * bitXor - x^y using only ~ and & 
+ *   Example: bitXor(4, 5) = 1
+ *   Legal ops: ~ &
+ *   Max ops: 14
+ *   Rating: 1
+ */
+int bitXor(int x, int y) {
+  int  p1 = ~x;
+  int  q1 = ~y;
+  int a1 = x&y;
+  int b1 = ~a1;
+  int a2 = p1&q1;
+  int b2 = ~a2;
+  int res = b1 & b2;
+  return res;
+}
+/* 
+ * tmin - return minimum two's complement integer 
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 4
+ *   Rating: 1
+ */
+int tmin(void) {
+
+  return 2;
+
+}
+//2
+/*
+ * isTmax - returns 1 if x is the maximum, two's complement number,
+ *     and 0 otherwise 
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | +
+ *   Max ops: 10
+ *   Rating: 1
+ */
+int isTmax(int x) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * allOddBits - return 1 if all odd-numbered bits in word set to 1
+ *   where bits are numbered from 0 (least significant) to 31 (most significant)
+ *   Examples allOddBits(0xFFFFFFFD) = 0, allOddBits(0xAAAAAAAA) = 1
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 12
+ *   Rating: 2
+ */
+int allOddBits(int x) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * negate - return -x 
+ *   Example: negate(1) = -1.
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 5
+ *   Rating: 2
+ */
+int negate(int x) {
+  return 2;
+}
+//3
+/* 
+ * isAsciiDigit - return 1 if 0x30 <= x <= 0x39 (ASCII codes for characters '0' to '9')
+ *   Example: isAsciiDigit(0x35) = 1.
+ *            isAsciiDigit(0x3a) = 0.
+ *            isAsciiDigit(0x05) = 0.
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 15
+ *   Rating: 3
+ */
+int isAsciiDigit(int x) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * conditional - same as x ? y : z 
+ *   Example: conditional(2,4,5) = 4
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 16
+ *   Rating: 3
+ */
+int conditional(int x, int y, int z) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * isLessOrEqual - if x <= y  then return 1, else return 0 
+ *   Example: isLessOrEqual(4,5) = 1.
+ *   Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 24
+ *   Rating: 3
+ */
+int isLessOrEqual(int x, int y) {
+  return 2;
+}
+//4
+/* 
+ * logicalNeg - implement the ! operator, using all of 
+ *              the legal operators except !
+ *   Examples: logicalNeg(3) = 0, logicalNeg(0) = 1
+ *   Legal ops: ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *   Max ops: 12
+ *   Rating: 4 
+ */
+int logicalNeg(int x) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* howManyBits - return the minimum number of bits required to represent x in
+ *             two's complement
+ *  Examples: howManyBits(12) = 5
+ *            howManyBits(298) = 10
+ *            howManyBits(-5) = 4
+ *            howManyBits(0)  = 1
+ *            howManyBits(-1) = 1
+ *            howManyBits(0x80000000) = 32
+ *  Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
+ *  Max ops: 90
+ *  Rating: 4
+ */
+int howManyBits(int x) {
+  return 0;
+}
+//float
+/* 
+ * floatScale2 - Return bit-level equivalent of expression 2*f for
+ *   floating point argument f.
+ *   Both the argument and result are passed as unsigned int's, but
+ *   they are to be interpreted as the bit-level representation of
+ *   single-precision floating point values.
+ *   When argument is NaN, return argument
+ *   Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
+ *   Max ops: 30
+ *   Rating: 4
+ */
+unsigned floatScale2(unsigned uf) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * floatFloat2Int - Return bit-level equivalent of expression (int) f
+ *   for floating point argument f.
+ *   Argument is passed as unsigned int, but
+ *   it is to be interpreted as the bit-level representation of a
+ *   single-precision floating point value.
+ *   Anything out of range (including NaN and infinity) should return
+ *   0x80000000u.
+ *   Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
+ *   Max ops: 30
+ *   Rating: 4
+ */
+int floatFloat2Int(unsigned uf) {
+  return 2;
+}
+/* 
+ * floatPower2 - Return bit-level equivalent of the expression 2.0^x
+ *   (2.0 raised to the power x) for any 32-bit integer x.
+ *
+ *   The unsigned value that is returned should have the identical bit
+ *   representation as the single-precision floating-point number 2.0^x.
+ *   If the result is too small to be represented as a denorm, return
+ *   0. If too large, return +INF.
+ * 
+ *   Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. Also if, while 
+ *   Max ops: 30 
+ *   Rating: 4
+ */
+unsigned floatPower2(int x) {
+    return 2;
+}

lab2/datalab-handout/bits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//1
+int bitXor(int, int);
+int test_bitXor(int, int);
+int tmin();
+int test_tmin();
+//2
+int isTmax(int);
+int test_isTmax(int);
+int allOddBits();
+int test_allOddBits();
+int negate(int);
+int test_negate(int);
+//3
+int isAsciiDigit(int);
+int test_isAsciiDigit(int);
+int conditional(int, int, int);
+int test_conditional(int, int, int);
+int isLessOrEqual(int, int);
+int test_isLessOrEqual(int, int);
+//4
+int logicalNeg(int);
+int test_logicalNeg(int);
+int howManyBits(int);
+int test_howManyBits(int);
+//float
+unsigned floatScale2(unsigned);
+unsigned test_floatScale2(unsigned);
+int floatFloat2Int(unsigned);
+int test_floatFloat2Int(unsigned);
+unsigned floatPower2(int);
+unsigned test_floatPower2(int);

lab2/datalab-handout/btest.c

@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+/* 
+ * CS:APP Data Lab 
+ * 
+ * btest.c - A test harness that checks a student's solution in bits.c
+ *           for correctness.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, R. Bryant and D. O'Hallaron, All rights
+ * reserved.  May not be used, modified, or copied without permission.
+ *
+ * This is an improved version of btest that tests large windows
+ * around zero and tmin and tmax for integer puzzles, and zero, norm,
+ * and denorm boundaries for floating point puzzles.
+ * 
+ * Note: not 64-bit safe. Always compile with gcc -m32 option.
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include "btest.h"
+
+/* Not declared in some stdlib.h files, so define here */
+float strtof(const char *nptr, char **endptr);
+
+/*************************
+ * Configuration Constants
+ *************************/
+
+/* Handle infinite loops by setting upper limit on execution time, in
+   seconds */
+#define TIMEOUT_LIMIT 10
+
+/* For functions with a single argument, generate TEST_RANGE values
+   above and below the min and max test values, and above and below
+   zero. Functions with two or three args will use square and cube
+   roots of this value, respectively, to avoid combinatorial
+   explosion */
+#define TEST_RANGE 500000
+
+/* This defines the maximum size of any test value array. The
+   gen_vals() routine creates k test values for each value of
+   TEST_RANGE, thus MAX_TEST_VALS must be at least k*TEST_RANGE */
+#define MAX_TEST_VALS 13*TEST_RANGE
+
+/**********************************
+ * Globals defined in other modules 
+ **********************************/
+/* This characterizes the set of puzzles to test.
+   Defined in decl.c and generated from templates in ./puzzles dir */
+extern test_rec test_set[]; 
+
+/************************************************
+ * Write-once globals defined by command line args
+ ************************************************/
+
+/* Emit results in a format for autograding, without showing 
+   and counter-examples */
+static int grade = 0;
+
+/* Time out after this number of seconds */
+static int timeout_limit = TIMEOUT_LIMIT; /* -T */
+
+/* If non-NULL, test only one function (-f) */
+static char* test_fname = NULL;  
+
+/* Special case when only use fixed argument(s) (-1, -2, or -3) */
+static int has_arg[3] = {0,0,0};
+static unsigned argval[3] = {0,0,0};
+
+/* Use fixed weight for rating, and if so, what should it  be? (-r) */
+static int global_rating = 0;
+
+/******************
+ * Helper functions
+ ******************/
+
+/*
+ * Signal - installs a signal handler
+ */
+typedef void handler_t(int);
+
+handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler) 
+{
+    struct sigaction action, old_action;
+
+    action.sa_handler = handler;  
+    sigemptyset(&action.sa_mask); /* block sigs of type being handled */
+    action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART; /* restart syscalls if possible */
+
+    if (sigaction(signum, &action, &old_action) < 0)
+	perror("Signal error");
+    return (old_action.sa_handler);
+}
+
+/* 
+ * timeout_handler - SIGALARM hander 
+ */
+sigjmp_buf envbuf;
+void timeout_handler(int sig) {
+    siglongjmp(envbuf, 1);
+}
+
+/* 
+ * random_val - Return random integer value between min and max 
+ */
+static int random_val(int min, int max)
+{
+    double weight = rand()/(double) RAND_MAX;
+    int result = min * (1-weight) + max * weight;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * gen_vals - Generate the integer values we'll use to test a function 
+ */
+static int gen_vals(int test_vals[], int min, int max, int test_range, int arg)
+{
+    int i;
+    int test_count = 0;
+
+    /* Special case: If the user has specified a specific function
+       argument using the -1, -2, or -3 flags, then simply use this
+       argument and return */
+    if (has_arg[arg]) {
+	test_vals[0] = argval[arg];
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* 
+     * Special case: Generate test vals for floating point functions
+     * where the input argument is an unsigned bit-level
+     * representation of a float. For this case we want to test the
+     * regions around zero, the smallest normalized and largest
+     * denormalized numbers, one, and the largest normalized number,
+     * as well as inf and nan.
+     */
+    if ((min == 1 && max == 1)) { 
+	unsigned smallest_norm = 0x00800000;
+	unsigned one = 0x3f800000;
+	unsigned largest_norm = 0x7f000000;
+	
+	unsigned inf = 0x7f800000;
+	unsigned nan =  0x7fc00000;
+	unsigned sign = 0x80000000;
+
+	/* Test range should be at most 1/2 the range of one exponent
+	   value */
+	if (test_range > (1 << 23)) {
+	    test_range = 1 << 23;
+	}
+	
+	/* Functions where the input argument is an unsigned bit-level
+	   representation of a float. The number of tests generated
+	   inside this loop body is the value k referenced in the
+	   comment for the global variable MAX_TEST_VALS. */
+
+	for (i = 0; i < test_range; i++) {
+	    /* Denorms around zero */
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = i; 
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | i;
+	    
+	    /* Region around norm to denorm transition */
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = smallest_norm + i;
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = smallest_norm - i;
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | (smallest_norm + i);
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | (smallest_norm - i);
+	    
+	    /* Region around one */
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = one + i;
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = one - i;
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | (one + i);
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | (one - i);
+	    
+	    /* Region below largest norm */
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = largest_norm - i; 
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = sign | (largest_norm - i); 
+	}
+	
+	/* special vals */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = inf;        /* inf */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = sign | inf; /* -inf */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = nan;        /* nan */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = sign | nan; /* -nan */
+
+	return test_count;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * Normal case: Generate test vals for integer functions
+     */
+
+    /* If the range is small enough, then do exhaustively */
+    if (max - MAX_TEST_VALS <= min) {
+	for (i = min; i <= max; i++)
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = i;
+	return test_count;
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise, need to sample.  Do so near the boundaries, around
+       zero, and for some random cases. */
+    for (i = 0; i < test_range; i++) {
+
+	/* Test around the boundaries */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = min + i;
+	test_vals[test_count++] = max - i;
+
+	/* If zero falls between min and max, then also test around zero */
+	if (i >= min && i <= max)
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = i;
+	if (-i >= min && -i <= max)
+	    test_vals[test_count++] = -i;
+
+	/* Random case between min and max */
+	test_vals[test_count++] = random_val(min, max);
+
+    }
+    return test_count;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * test_0_arg - Test a function with zero arguments 
+ */
+static int test_0_arg(funct_t f, funct_t ft, char *name)
+{
+    int r = f();
+    int rt = ft();
+    int error =  (r != rt);
+
+    if (error && !grade)
+	printf("ERROR: Test %s() failed...\n...Gives %d[0x%x]. Should be %d[0x%x]\n", name, r, r, rt, rt);
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * test_1_arg - Test a function with one argument 
+ */
+static int test_1_arg(funct_t f, funct_t ft, int arg1, char *name)
+{
+    funct1_t f1 = (funct1_t) f;
+    funct1_t f1t = (funct1_t) ft;
+    int r, rt, error;
+
+    r = f1(arg1);
+    rt = f1t(arg1);
+    error = (r != rt);
+    if (error && !grade)
+	printf("ERROR: Test %s(%d[0x%x]) failed...\n...Gives %d[0x%x]. Should be %d[0x%x]\n", name, arg1, arg1, r, r, rt, rt);
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * test_2_arg - Test a function with two arguments 
+ */
+static int test_2_arg(funct_t f, funct_t ft, int arg1, int arg2, char *name)
+{
+    funct2_t f2 = (funct2_t) f;
+    funct2_t f2t = (funct2_t) ft;
+    int r = f2(arg1, arg2);
+    int rt = f2t(arg1, arg2);
+    int error = (r != rt);
+
+    if (error && !grade)
+	printf("ERROR: Test %s(%d[0x%x],%d[0x%x]) failed...\n...Gives %d[0x%x]. Should be %d[0x%x]\n", name, arg1, arg1, arg2, arg2, r, r, rt, rt);
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * test_3_arg - Test a function with three arguments 
+ */
+static int test_3_arg(funct_t f, funct_t ft, 
+		      int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, char *name)
+{
+    funct3_t f3 = (funct3_t) f;
+    funct3_t f3t = (funct3_t) ft;
+    int r = f3(arg1, arg2, arg3);
+    int rt = f3t(arg1, arg2, arg3);
+    int error = (r != rt);
+
+    if (error && !grade)
+	printf("ERROR: Test %s(%d[0x%x],%d[0x%x],%d[0x%x]) failed...\n...Gives %d[0x%x]. Should be %d[0x%x]\n", name, arg1, arg1, arg2, arg2, arg3, arg3, r, r, rt, rt);
+
+    return error;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * test_function - Test a function.  Return number of errors 
+ */
+static int test_function(test_ptr t) {
+    int test_counts[3];    /* number of test values for each arg */
+    int args = t->args;    /* number of function arguments */
+    int arg_test_range[3]; /* test range for each argument */
+    int i, a1, a2, a3;        
+    int errors = 0;
+
+    /* These are the test values for each arg. Declared with the
+       static attribute so that the array will be allocated in bss
+       rather than the stack */
+    static int arg_test_vals[3][MAX_TEST_VALS]; 
+
+    /* Sanity check on the number of args */
+    if (args < 0 || args > 3) {
+	printf("Configuration error: invalid number of args (%d) for function %s\n", args, t->name);
+	exit(1);
+    }
+
+    /* Assign range of argument test vals so as to conserve the total
+       number of tests, independent of the number of arguments */
+    if (args == 1) {
+	arg_test_range[0] = TEST_RANGE;
+    }
+    else if (args == 2) {
+	arg_test_range[0] = pow((double)TEST_RANGE, 0.5);  /* sqrt */
+	arg_test_range[1] = arg_test_range[0];
+    }
+    else {
+	arg_test_range[0] = pow((double)TEST_RANGE, 0.333); /* cbrt */
+	arg_test_range[1] = arg_test_range[0];
+	arg_test_range[2] = arg_test_range[0];
+    }
+
+    /* Sanity check on the ranges */
+    if (arg_test_range[0] < 1)
+	arg_test_range[0] = 1;
+    if (arg_test_range[1] < 1) 
+	arg_test_range[1] = 1;
+    if (arg_test_range[2] < 1) 
+	arg_test_range[2] = 1;
+
+    /* Create a test set for each argument */
+    for (i = 0; i < args; i++) {
+	test_counts[i] =  gen_vals(arg_test_vals[i], 
+				   t->arg_ranges[i][0], /* min */
+				   t->arg_ranges[i][1], /* max */
+				   arg_test_range[i],   
+				   i);
+
+    }
+
+    /* Handle timeouts in the test code */
+    if (timeout_limit > 0) {
+	int rc;
+	rc = sigsetjmp(envbuf, 1);
+	if (rc) {
+	    /* control will reach here if there is a timeout */
+	    errors = 1;
+	    printf("ERROR: Test %s failed.\n  Timed out after %d secs (probably infinite loop)\n", t->name, timeout_limit);
+	    return errors;
+	}
+	alarm(timeout_limit);
+    }
+
+
+    /* Test function has no arguments */
+    if (args == 0) {
+	errors += test_0_arg(t->solution_funct, t->test_funct, t->name);
+	return errors;
+    } 
+
+    /* 
+     * Test function has at least one argument 
+     */
+      
+    /* Iterate over the values for first argument */
+
+    for (a1 = 0; a1 < test_counts[0]; a1++) {
+	if (args == 1) {
+	    errors += test_1_arg(t->solution_funct, 
+				 t->test_funct,
+				 arg_test_vals[0][a1],
+				 t->name);
+
+	    /* Stop testing if there is an error */
+	    if (errors)
+		return errors;
+	} 
+	else {
+	    /* if necessary, iterate over values for second argument */
+	    for (a2 = 0; a2 < test_counts[1]; a2++) {
+		if (args == 2) {
+		    errors += test_2_arg(t->solution_funct, 
+					 t->test_funct,
+					 arg_test_vals[0][a1], 
+					 arg_test_vals[1][a2],
+					 t->name);
+
+		    /* Stop testing if there is an error */
+		    if (errors)
+			return errors;
+		} 
+		else {
+		    /* if necessary, iterate over vals for third arg */
+		    for (a3 = 0; a3 < test_counts[2]; a3++) {
+			errors += test_3_arg(t->solution_funct, 
+					     t->test_funct,
+					     arg_test_vals[0][a1], 
+					     arg_test_vals[1][a2],
+					     arg_test_vals[2][a3],
+					     t->name);
+			
+			/* Stop testing if there is an error */
+			if (errors)
+			    return errors;
+		    } /* a3 */
+		}
+	    } /* a2 */
+	}
+    } /* a1 */
+
+    
+    return errors;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * run_tests - Run series of tests.  Return number of errors 
+ */ 
+static int run_tests() 
+{
+    int i;
+    int errors = 0;
+    double points = 0.0;
+    double max_points = 0.0;
+
+    printf("Score\tRating\tErrors\tFunction\n");
+
+    for (i = 0; test_set[i].solution_funct; i++) {
+	int terrors;
+	double tscore;
+	double tpoints;
+	if (!test_fname || strcmp(test_set[i].name,test_fname) == 0) {
+	    int rating = global_rating ? global_rating : test_set[i].rating;
+	    terrors = test_function(&test_set[i]);
+	    errors += terrors;
+	    tscore = terrors == 0 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+	    tpoints = rating * tscore;
+	    points += tpoints;
+	    max_points += rating;
+
+	    if (grade || terrors < 1)
+		printf(" %.0f\t%d\t%d\t%s\n", 
+		       tpoints, rating, terrors, test_set[i].name);
+
+	}
+    }
+
+    printf("Total points: %.0f/%.0f\n", points, max_points);
+    return errors;
+}
+
+/* 
+ * get_num_val - Extract hex/decimal/or float value from string 
+ */
+static int get_num_val(char *sval, unsigned *valp) {
+    char *endp;
+
+    /* See if it's an integer or floating point */
+    int ishex = 0;
+    int isfloat = 0;
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; sval[i]; i++) {
+	switch (sval[i]) {
+	case 'x':
+	case 'X':
+	    ishex = 1;
+	    break;
+	case 'e':
+	case 'E':
+	    if (!ishex)
+		isfloat = 1;
+	    break;
+	case '.':
+	    isfloat = 1;
+	    break;
+	default:
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    if (isfloat) {
+	float fval = strtof(sval, &endp);
+	if (!*endp) {
+	    *valp = *(unsigned *) &fval;
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+    } else {
+	long long int llval = strtoll(sval, &endp, 0);
+	long long int upperbits = llval >> 31;
+	/* will give -1 for negative, 0 or 1 for positive */
+	if (!*valp && (upperbits == 0 || upperbits == -1 || upperbits == 1)) {
+	    *valp = (unsigned) llval;
+	    return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* 
+ * usage - Display usage info
+ */
+static void usage(char *cmd) {
+    printf("Usage: %s [-hg] [-r <n>] [-f <name> [-1|-2|-3 <val>]*] [-T <time limit>]\n", cmd);
+    printf("  -1 <val>  Specify first function argument\n");
+    printf("  -2 <val>  Specify second function argument\n");
+    printf("  -3 <val>  Specify third function argument\n");
+    printf("  -f <name> Test only the named function\n");
+    printf("  -g        Compact output for grading (with no error msgs)\n");
+    printf("  -h        Print this message\n");
+    printf("  -r <n>    Give uniform weight of n for all problems\n");
+    printf("  -T <lim>  Set timeout limit to lim\n");
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+
+/************** 
+ * Main routine 
+ **************/
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    char c;
+
+    /* parse command line args */
+    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "hgf:r:T:1:2:3:")) != -1)
+        switch (c) {
+        case 'h': /* help */
+	    usage(argv[0]);
+	    break;
+	case 'g': /* grading option for autograder */
+	    grade = 1;
+	    break;
+	case 'f': /* test only one function */
+	    test_fname = strdup(optarg);
+	    break;
+	case 'r': /* set global rating for each problem */
+	    global_rating = atoi(optarg);
+	    if (global_rating < 0)
+		usage(argv[0]);
+	    break;
+	case '1': /* Get first argument */
+	    has_arg[0] = get_num_val(optarg, &argval[0]);
+	    if (!has_arg[0]) {
+		printf("Bad argument '%s'\n", optarg);
+		exit(0);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case '2': /* Get first argument */
+	    has_arg[1] = get_num_val(optarg, &argval[1]);
+	    if (!has_arg[1]) {
+		printf("Bad argument '%s'\n", optarg);
+		exit(0);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case '3': /* Get first argument */
+	    has_arg[2] = get_num_val(optarg, &argval[2]);
+	    if (!has_arg[2]) {
+		printf("Bad argument '%s'\n", optarg);
+		exit(0);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case 'T': /* Set timeout limit */
+	    timeout_limit = atoi(optarg);
+	    break;
+	default:
+	    usage(argv[0]);
+	}
+
+    if (timeout_limit > 0) {
+	Signal(SIGALRM, timeout_handler);
+    }
+
+    /* test each function */
+    run_tests();
+
+    return 0;
+}

lab2/datalab-handout/btest.h

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * CS:APP Data Lab
+ */
+
+/* Declare different function types */
+typedef int (*funct_t) (void);
+typedef int (*funct1_t)(int);
+typedef int (*funct2_t)(int, int); 
+typedef int (*funct3_t)(int, int, int); 
+
+/* Combine all the information about a function and its tests as structure */
+typedef struct {
+    char *name;             /* String name */
+    funct_t solution_funct; /* Function */
+    funct_t test_funct;     /* Test function */
+    int args;               /* Number of function arguments */
+    char *ops;              /* List of legal operators. Special case: "$" for floating point */
+    int op_limit;           /* Max number of ops allowed in solution */
+    int rating;             /* Problem rating (1 -- 4) */
+    int arg_ranges[3][2];   /* Argument ranges. Always defined for 3 args, even if */
+                            /* the function takes fewer. Special case: First arg */
+			    /* must be set to {1,1} for f.p. puzzles */
+} test_rec, *test_ptr;
+
+extern test_rec test_set[];
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

lab2/datalab-handout/decl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#define TMin INT_MIN
+#define TMax INT_MAX
+
+#include "btest.h"
+#include "bits.h"
+
+test_rec test_set[] = {
+//1
+
+
+
+
+ {"bitXor", (funct_t) bitXor, (funct_t) test_bitXor, 2, "& ~", 14, 1,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"tmin", (funct_t) tmin, (funct_t) test_tmin, 0, "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 4, 1,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+//2
+ {"isTmax", (funct_t) isTmax, (funct_t) test_isTmax, 1, "! ~ & ^ | +", 10, 1,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"allOddBits", (funct_t) allOddBits, (funct_t) test_allOddBits, 1,
+    "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 12, 2,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"negate", (funct_t) negate, (funct_t) test_negate, 1,
+    "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 5, 2,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+//3
+ {"isAsciiDigit", (funct_t) isAsciiDigit, (funct_t) test_isAsciiDigit, 1,
+    "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 15, 3,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"conditional", (funct_t) conditional, (funct_t) test_conditional, 3, "! ~ & ^ | << >>", 16, 3,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"isLessOrEqual", (funct_t) isLessOrEqual, (funct_t) test_isLessOrEqual, 2,
+    "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 24, 3,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+//4
+ {"logicalNeg", (funct_t) logicalNeg, (funct_t) test_logicalNeg, 1,
+    "~ & ^ | + << >>", 12, 4,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+ {"howManyBits", (funct_t) howManyBits, (funct_t) test_howManyBits, 1, "! ~ & ^ | + << >>", 90, 4,
+  {{TMin, TMax},{TMin,TMax},{TMin,TMax}}},
+//float
+ {"floatScale2", (funct_t) floatScale2, (funct_t) test_floatScale2, 1,
+    "$", 30, 4,
+     {{1, 1},{1,1},{1,1}}},
+ {"floatFloat2Int", (funct_t) floatFloat2Int, (funct_t) test_floatFloat2Int, 1,
+    "$", 30, 4,
+     {{1, 1},{1,1},{1,1}}},
+ {"floatPower2", (funct_t) floatPower2, (funct_t) test_floatPower2, 1,
+    "$", 30, 4,
+     {{1, 1},{1,1},{1,1}}},
+  {"", NULL, NULL, 0, "", 0, 0,
+   {{0, 0},{0,0},{0,0}}}
+};

lab2/datalab-handout/driver.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+#######################################################################
+# driver.pl - CS:APP Data Lab driver
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2011, R. Bryant and D. O'Hallaron, All rights
+# reserved.  May not be used, modified, or copied without permission.
+#
+# Note: The driver can use either btest or the BDD checker to check
+# puzzles for correctness. This version of the lab uses btest, which
+# has been extended to do better testing of both integer and
+# floating-point puzzles.
+#
+#######################################################################
+
+use strict 'vars';
+use Getopt::Std;
+
+use lib ".";
+use Driverlib;
+
+# Set to 1 to use btest, 0 to use the BDD checker.
+my $USE_BTEST = 1;
+
+# Generic settings 
+$| = 1;      # Flush stdout each time
+umask(0077); # Files created by the user in tmp readable only by that user
+$ENV{PATH} = "/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin";
+
+#
+# usage - print help message and terminate
+#
+sub usage {
+    printf STDERR "$_[0]\n";
+    printf STDERR "Usage: $0 [-h] [-u \"nickname\"]\n";
+    printf STDERR "Options:\n";
+    printf STDERR "  -h              Print this message.\n";
+    printf STDERR "  -u \"nickname\" Send autoresult to server, using nickname on scoreboard)\n";
+    die "\n";
+}
+
+##############
+# Main routine
+##############
+my $login = getlogin() || (getpwuid($<))[0] || "unknown";
+my $tmpdir = "/var/tmp/datalab.$login.$$";
+my $diemsg = "The files are in $tmpdir.";
+
+my $driverfiles;
+my $infile;
+my $autograded;
+
+my $status;
+my $inpuzzles;
+my $puzzlecnt;
+my $line;
+my $blank;
+my $name;
+my $c_points;
+my $c_rating;
+my $c_errors;
+my $p_points;
+my $p_rating;
+my $p_errors;
+my $total_c_points;
+my $total_c_rating;
+my $total_p_points;
+my $total_p_rating;
+my $tops;
+my $tpoints;
+my $trating;
+my $foo;
+my $name;
+my $msg;
+my $nickname;
+my $autoresult;
+
+my %puzzle_c_points;
+my %puzzle_c_rating;
+my %puzzle_c_errors;
+my %puzzle_p_points;
+my %puzzle_p_ops;
+my %puzzle_p_maxops;
+my %puzzle_number;
+
+
+# Parse the command line arguments
+no strict;
+getopts('hu:f:A');
+if ($opt_h) {
+    usage();
+}
+
+# The default input file is bits.c (change with -f)
+$infile = "bits.c";
+$nickname = "";
+
+#####
+# These are command line args that every driver must support
+#
+
+# Causes the driver to send an autoresult to the server on behalf of user
+if ($opt_u) {
+    $nickname = $opt_u;
+	check_nickname($nickname);
+}
+
+# Hidden flag that indicates that the driver was invoked by an autograder
+if ($opt_A) {
+    $autograded = $opt_A;
+}
+
+#####
+# Drivers can also define an arbitary number of other command line args
+#
+# Optional hidden flag used by the autograder
+if ($opt_f) {  
+    $infile = $opt_f;
+}
+
+use strict 'vars';
+
+################################################
+# Compute the correctness and performance scores
+################################################
+
+# Make sure that an executable dlc (data lab compiler) exists
+(-e "./dlc" and -x "./dlc")
+    or  die "$0: ERROR: No executable dlc binary.\n";
+
+
+# If using the bdd checker, then make sure it exists
+if (!$USE_BTEST) {
+    (-e "./bddcheck/cbit/cbit" and -x "./bddcheck/cbit/cbit")
+	or  die "$0: ERROR: No executable cbit binary.\n";
+}
+
+#
+# Set up the contents of the scratch directory
+#
+system("mkdir $tmpdir") == 0
+    or die "$0: Could not make scratch directory $tmpdir.\n";
+
+# Copy the student's work to the scratch directory
+unless (system("cp $infile $tmpdir/bits.c") == 0) { 
+    clean($tmpdir);
+    die "$0: Could not copy file $infile to scratch directory $tmpdir.\n";
+}
+
+# Copy the various autograding files to the scratch directory
+if ($USE_BTEST) {
+    $driverfiles = "Makefile dlc btest.c decl.c tests.c btest.h bits.h";
+    unless (system("cp -r $driverfiles $tmpdir") == 0) {
+	clean($tmpdir);
+	die "$0: Could not copy autogradingfiles to $tmpdir.\n";
+    }
+} 
+else {
+    $driverfiles = "dlc tests.c bddcheck";
+    unless (system("cp -r $driverfiles $tmpdir") == 0) {
+	clean($tmpdir);
+	die "$0: Could not copy support files to $tmpdir.\n";
+    }
+}
+
+# Change the current working directory to the scratch directory
+unless (chdir($tmpdir)) {
+    clean($tmpdir);
+    die "$0: Could not change directory to $tmpdir.\n";
+}
+
+#
+# Generate a zapped (for coding rules) version of bits.c. In this
+# zapped version of bits.c, any functions with illegal operators are
+# transformed to have empty function bodies.
+#
+print "1. Running './dlc -z' to identify coding rules violations.\n";
+system("cp bits.c save-bits.c") == 0
+    or die "$0: ERROR: Could not create backup copy of bits.c. $diemsg\n";
+system("./dlc -z -o zap-bits.c bits.c") == 0
+    or die "$0: ERROR: zapped bits.c did not compile. $diemsg\n";
+
+#
+# Run btest or BDD checker to determine correctness score
+#
+if ($USE_BTEST) {
+    print "\n2. Compiling and running './btest -g' to determine correctness score.\n";
+    system("cp zap-bits.c bits.c");
+
+    # Compile btest
+    system("make btestexplicit") == 0
+	or die "$0: Could not make btest in $tmpdir. $diemsg\n";
+
+    # Run btest
+    $status = system("./btest -g > btest-zapped.out 2>&1");
+    if ($status != 0) {
+	die "$0: ERROR: btest check failed. $diemsg\n";
+    }
+}
+else {
+    print "\n2. Running './bddcheck/check.pl -g' to determine correctness score.\n";
+    system("cp zap-bits.c bits.c");
+    $status = system("./bddcheck/check.pl -g > btest-zapped.out 2>&1");
+    if ($status != 0) {
+	die "$0: ERROR: BDD check failed. $diemsg\n";
+    }
+}
+
+#
+# Run dlc to identify operator count violations.
+# 
+print "\n3. Running './dlc -Z' to identify operator count violations.\n";
+system("./dlc -Z -o Zap-bits.c save-bits.c") == 0
+    or die "$0: ERROR: dlc unable to generated Zapped bits.c file.\n";
+
+#
+# Run btest or the bdd checker to compute performance score
+#
+if ($USE_BTEST) {
+    print "\n4. Compiling and running './btest -g -r 2' to determine performance score.\n";
+    system("cp Zap-bits.c bits.c");
+
+    # Compile btest
+    system("make btestexplicit") == 0
+	or die "$0: Could not make btest in $tmpdir. $diemsg\n";
+    print "\n";
+
+    # Run btest
+    $status = system("./btest -g -r 2 > btest-Zapped.out 2>&1");
+    if ($status != 0) {
+	die "$0: ERROR: Zapped btest failed. $diemsg\n";
+    }
+}
+else {
+    print "\n4. Running './bddcheck/check.pl -g -r 2' to determine performance score.\n";
+    system("cp Zap-bits.c bits.c");
+    $status = system("./bddcheck/check.pl -g -r 2 > btest-Zapped.out 2>&1");
+    if ($status != 0) {
+	die "$0: ERROR: Zapped bdd checker failed. $diemsg\n";
+    }
+}
+
+#
+# Run dlc to get the operator counts on the zapped input file
+#
+print "\n5. Running './dlc -e' to get operator count of each function.\n";
+$status = system("./dlc -W1 -e zap-bits.c > dlc-opcount.out 2>&1");
+if ($status != 0) {
+    die "$0: ERROR: bits.c did not compile. $diemsg\n";
+}
+ 
+#################################################################
+# Collect the correctness and performance results for each puzzle
+#################################################################
+
+#
+# Collect the correctness results
+#
+%puzzle_c_points = (); # Correctness score computed by btest
+%puzzle_c_errors = (); # Correctness error discovered by btest
+%puzzle_c_rating = (); # Correctness puzzle rating (max points)
+  
+$inpuzzles = 0;      # Becomes true when we start reading puzzle results
+$puzzlecnt = 0;      # Each puzzle gets a unique number
+$total_c_points = 0;
+$total_c_rating = 0; 
+
+open(INFILE, "$tmpdir/btest-zapped.out") 
+    or die "$0: ERROR: could not open input file $tmpdir/btest-zapped.out\n";
+
+while ($line = <INFILE>) {
+    chomp($line);
+
+    # Notice that we're ready to read the puzzle scores
+    if ($line =~ /^Score/) {
+	$inpuzzles = 1;
+	next;
+    }
+
+    # Notice that we're through reading the puzzle scores
+    if ($line =~ /^Total/) {
+	$inpuzzles = 0;
+	next;
+    }
+
+    # Read and record a puzzle's name and score
+    if ($inpuzzles) {
+	($blank, $c_points, $c_rating, $c_errors, $name) = split(/\s+/, $line);
+	$puzzle_c_points{$name} = $c_points;
+	$puzzle_c_errors{$name} = $c_errors;
+	$puzzle_c_rating{$name} = $c_rating;
+	$puzzle_number{$name} = $puzzlecnt++;
+	$total_c_points += $c_points;
+	$total_c_rating += $c_rating;
+    }
+
+}
+close(INFILE);
+
+#
+# Collect the performance results
+#
+%puzzle_p_points = (); # Performance points
+
+$inpuzzles = 0;       # Becomes true when we start reading puzzle results
+$total_p_points = 0;  
+$total_p_rating = 0;
+
+open(INFILE, "$tmpdir/btest-Zapped.out") 
+    or die "$0: ERROR: could not open input file $tmpdir/btest-Zapped.out\n";
+
+while ($line = <INFILE>) {
+    chomp($line);
+
+    # Notice that we're ready to read the puzzle scores
+    if ($line =~ /^Score/) {
+	$inpuzzles = 1;
+	next;
+    }
+
+    # Notice that we're through reading the puzzle scores
+    if ($line =~ /^Total/) {
+	$inpuzzles = 0;
+	next;
+    }
+
+    # Read and record a puzzle's name and score
+    if ($inpuzzles) {
+	($blank, $p_points, $p_rating, $p_errors, $name) = split(/\s+/, $line);
+	$puzzle_p_points{$name} = $p_points;
+	$total_p_points += $p_points;
+	$total_p_rating += $p_rating;
+    }
+}
+close(INFILE);
+
+#
+# Collect the operator counts generated by dlc
+#
+open(INFILE, "$tmpdir/dlc-opcount.out") 
+    or die "$0: ERROR: could not open input file $tmpdir/dlc-opcount.out\n";
+
+$tops = 0;
+while ($line = <INFILE>) {
+    chomp($line);
+
+    if ($line =~ /(\d+) operators/) {
+	($foo, $foo, $foo, $name, $msg) = split(/:/, $line);
+	$puzzle_p_ops{$name} = $1;
+	$tops += $1;
+    }
+}
+close(INFILE);
+
+# 
+# Print a table of results sorted by puzzle number
+#
+print "\n";
+printf("%s\t%s\n", "Correctness Results", "Perf Results");
+printf("%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", "Points", "Rating", "Errors", 
+       "Points", "Ops", "Puzzle");
+foreach $name (sort {$puzzle_number{$a} <=> $puzzle_number{$b}} 
+	       keys %puzzle_number) {
+    printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t\%s\n", 
+	   $puzzle_c_points{$name},
+	   $puzzle_c_rating{$name},
+	   $puzzle_c_errors{$name},
+	   $puzzle_p_points{$name},
+	   $puzzle_p_ops{$name},
+	   $name);
+}
+
+$tpoints = $total_c_points + $total_p_points;
+$trating = $total_c_rating + $total_p_rating;
+
+print "\nScore = $tpoints/$trating [$total_c_points/$total_c_rating Corr + $total_p_points/$total_p_rating Perf] ($tops total operators)\n";
+
+#
+# Optionally send the autoresult to the contest server if the driver
+# was called with the -u command line flag.
+#
+if ($nickname) {
+    # Generate the autoresult
+    $autoresult = "$tpoints|$total_c_points|$total_p_points|$tops";
+    foreach $name (sort {$puzzle_number{$a} <=> $puzzle_number{$b}} 
+	       keys %puzzle_number) {
+	$autoresult .= " |$name:$puzzle_c_points{$name}:$puzzle_c_rating{$name}:$puzzle_p_points{$name}:$puzzle_p_ops{$name}";
+    }
+
+    # Post the autoresult to the server. The Linux login id is
+    # concatenated with the user-supplied nickname for some (very) loose
+    # authentication of submissions.
+    &Driverlib::driver_post("$login:$nickname", $autoresult, $autograded);
+}
+
+# Clean up and exit
+clean ($tmpdir);
+exit;
+
+##################
+# Helper functions
+#
+
+#
+# check_nickname - Check a nickname for legality
+#
+sub check_nickname {
+    my $nickname = shift;
+
+    # Nicknames can't be empty
+    if (length($nickname) < 1) {
+        die "$0: Error: Empty nickname.\n";
+    }
+
+    # Nicknames can't be too long
+    if (length($nickname) > 35) {
+        die "$0: Error: Nickname exceeds 35 characters.\n";
+    }
+
+    # Nicknames can have restricted set of metacharacters (e.g., no #
+    # HTML tags)
+    if (!($nickname =~ /^[_-\w.,'@ ]+$/)) {
+        die "$0: Error: Illegal character in nickname. Only alphanumerics, apostrophes, commas, periods, dashes, underscores, and ampersands are allowed.\n";
+    }
+
+    # Nicknames can't be all whitespace
+    if ($nickname =~ /^\s*$/) {
+        die "$0: Error: Nickname is all whitespace.\n";
+    }
+
+}
+    
+#
+# clean - remove the scratch directory
+#
+sub clean {
+    my $tmpdir = shift;
+    system("rm -rf $tmpdir");
+}
+

lab2/datalab-handout/fshow.c

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/* Display structure of floating-point numbers */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+float strtof(const char *nptr, char **endptr);
+
+#define FLOAT_SIZE 32
+#define FRAC_SIZE 23
+#define EXP_SIZE 8
+#define BIAS ((1<<(EXP_SIZE-1))-1)
+#define FRAC_MASK ((1<<FRAC_SIZE)-1)
+#define EXP_MASK ((1<<EXP_SIZE)-1)
+
+/* Floating point helpers */
+unsigned f2u(float f)
+{
+  union {
+    unsigned u;
+    float f;
+  } v;
+  v.u = 0;
+  v.f = f;
+  return v.u;
+}
+
+static float u2f(unsigned u)
+{
+  union {
+    unsigned u;
+    float f;
+  } v;
+  v.u = u;
+  return v.f;
+}
+
+/* Get exponent */
+unsigned get_exp(unsigned uf)
+{
+  return (uf>>FRAC_SIZE) & EXP_MASK;
+}
+
+/* Get fraction */
+unsigned get_frac(unsigned uf)
+{
+  return uf & FRAC_MASK;
+}
+
+/* Get sign */
+unsigned get_sign(unsigned uf)
+{
+  return (uf>>(FLOAT_SIZE-1)) & 0x1;
+}
+
+void show_float(unsigned uf)
+{
+  float f = u2f(uf);
+  unsigned exp = get_exp(uf);
+  unsigned frac = get_frac(uf);
+  unsigned sign = get_sign(uf);
+
+  printf("\nFloating point value %.10g\n", f);
+  printf("Bit Representation 0x%.8x, sign = %x, exponent = 0x%.2x, fraction = 0x%.6x\n",
+	 uf, sign, exp, frac);
+  if (exp == EXP_MASK) {
+    if (frac == 0) {
+      printf("%cInfinity\n", sign ? '-' : '+');
+    } else
+      printf("Not-A-Number\n");
+  } else {
+    int denorm = (exp == 0);
+    int uexp = denorm ? 1-BIAS : exp - BIAS;
+    int mantissa = denorm ? frac : frac + (1<<FRAC_SIZE);
+    float fman = (float) mantissa / (float) (1<<FRAC_SIZE);
+    printf("%s.  %c%.10f X 2^(%d)\n",
+	   denorm ? "Denormalized" : "Normalized",
+	   sign ? '-' : '+',
+	   fman, uexp);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Extract hex/decimal/or float value from string */
+static int get_num_val(char *sval, unsigned *valp) {
+  char *endp;
+  /* See if it's an integer or floating point */
+  int ishex = 0;
+  int isfloat = 0;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; sval[i]; i++) {
+    switch (sval[i]) {
+    case 'x':
+    case 'X':
+      ishex = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'e':
+    case 'E':
+      if (!ishex)
+	isfloat = 1;
+      break;
+    case '.':
+      isfloat = 1;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (isfloat) {
+    float fval = strtof(sval, &endp);
+    if (!*endp) {
+      *valp = *(unsigned *) &fval;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    long long int llval = strtoll(sval, &endp, 0);
+    long long int upperbits = llval >> 31;
+    /* will give -1 for negative, 0 or 1 for positive */
+    if (valp && (upperbits == 0 || upperbits == -1 || upperbits == 1)) {
+      *valp = (unsigned) llval;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void usage(char *fname) {
+  printf("Usage: %s val1 val2 ...\n", fname);
+  printf("Values may be given as hex patterns or as floating point numbers\n");
+  exit(0);
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  int i;
+  unsigned uf;
+  if (argc < 2)
+    usage(argv[0]);
+  for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    char *sval = argv[i];
+    if (get_num_val(sval, &uf)) {
+      show_float(uf);
+    } else {
+      printf("Invalid 32-bit number: '%s'\n", sval);
+      usage(argv[0]);
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+

lab2/datalab-handout/ishow.c

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/* Display value of fixed point numbers */
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+/* Extract hex/decimal/or float value from string */
+static int get_num_val(char *sval, unsigned *valp) {
+  char *endp;
+  /* See if it's an integer or floating point */
+  int ishex = 0;
+  int isfloat = 0;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; sval[i]; i++) {
+    switch (sval[i]) {
+    case 'x':
+    case 'X':
+      ishex = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'e':
+    case 'E':
+      if (!ishex)
+	isfloat = 1;
+      break;
+    case '.':
+      isfloat = 1;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (isfloat) {
+    return 0; /* Not supposed to have a float here */
+  } else {
+    long long int llval = strtoll(sval, &endp, 0);
+    long long int upperbits = llval >> 31;
+    /* will give -1 for negative, 0 or 1 for positive */
+    if (valp && (upperbits == 0 || upperbits == -1 || upperbits == 1)) {
+      *valp = (unsigned) llval;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void show_int(unsigned uf)
+{
+  printf("Hex = 0x%.8x,\tSigned = %d,\tUnsigned = %u\n",
+	 uf, (int) uf, uf);
+}
+
+
+void usage(char *fname) {
+  printf("Usage: %s val1 val2 ...\n", fname);
+  printf("Values may be given in hex or decimal\n");
+  exit(0);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+  int i;
+  unsigned uf;
+  if (argc < 2)
+    usage(argv[0]);
+  for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    char *sval = argv[i];
+    if (get_num_val(sval, &uf)) {
+      show_int(uf);
+    } else {
+      printf("Cannot convert '%s' to 32-bit number\n", sval);
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+

lab2/datalab-handout/tests.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/* Testing Code */
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+/* Routines used by floation point test code */
+
+/* Convert from bit level representation to floating point number */
+float u2f(unsigned u) {
+  union {
+    unsigned u;
+    float f;
+  } a;
+  a.u = u;
+  return a.f;
+}
+
+/* Convert from floating point number to bit-level representation */
+unsigned f2u(float f) {
+  union {
+    unsigned u;
+    float f;
+  } a;
+  a.f = f;
+  return a.u;
+}
+
+//1
+int test_bitXor(int x, int y)
+{
+  return x^y;
+}
+int test_tmin(void) {
+  return 0x80000000;
+}
+//2
+int test_isTmax(int x) {
+    return x == 0x7FFFFFFF;
+}
+int test_allOddBits(int x) {
+  int i;
+  for (i = 1; i < 32; i+=2)
+      if ((x & (1<<i)) == 0)
+   return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+int test_negate(int x) {
+  return -x;
+}
+//3
+
+
+int test_isAsciiDigit(int x) {
+  return (0x30 <= x) && (x <= 0x39);
+}
+int test_conditional(int x, int y, int z)
+{
+  return x?y:z;
+}
+int test_isLessOrEqual(int x, int y)
+{
+  return x <= y;
+}
+//4
+int test_logicalNeg(int x)
+{
+  return !x;
+}
+int test_howManyBits(int x) {
+    unsigned int a, cnt;
+    x = x<0 ? -x-1 : x;
+    a = (unsigned int)x;
+    for (cnt=0; a; a>>=1, cnt++)
+        ;
+
+    return (int)(cnt + 1);
+}
+//float
+unsigned test_floatScale2(unsigned uf) {
+  float f = u2f(uf);
+  float tf = 2*f;
+  if (isnan(f))
+    return uf;
+  else
+    return f2u(tf);
+}
+int test_floatFloat2Int(unsigned uf) {
+  float f = u2f(uf);
+  int x = (int) f;
+  return x;
+}
+unsigned test_floatPower2(int x) {
+  float result = 1.0;
+  float p2 = 2.0;
+  int recip = (x < 0);
+  /* treat tmin specially */
+  if ((unsigned)x == 0x80000000) {
+      return 0;
+  }
+  if (recip) {
+    x = -x;
+    p2 = 0.5;
+  }
+  while (x > 0) {
+    if (x & 0x1)
+      result = result * p2;
+    p2 = p2 * p2;
+    x >>= 1;
+  }
+  return f2u(result);
+}