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// Copyright (c) 2018 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
// Prevent Windows headers from defining min/max macros and instead
// use STL.
#ifndef NOMINMAX
#define NOMINMAX
#endif // ifndef NOMINMAX
#include <windows.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <deque>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "leveldb/env.h"
#include "leveldb/slice.h"
#include "port/port.h"
#include "port/thread_annotations.h"
#include "util/env_windows_test_helper.h"
#include "util/logging.h"
#include "util/mutexlock.h"
#include "util/windows_logger.h"
#if defined(DeleteFile)
#undef DeleteFile
#endif // defined(DeleteFile)
namespace leveldb {
namespace {
constexpr const size_t kWritableFileBufferSize = 65536;
// Up to 1000 mmaps for 64-bit binaries; none for 32-bit.
constexpr int kDefaultMmapLimit = sizeof(void*) >= 8 ? 1000 : 0;
// Modified by EnvWindowsTestHelper::SetReadOnlyMMapLimit().
int g_mmap_limit = kDefaultMmapLimit;
std::string GetWindowsErrorMessage(DWORD error_code) {
std::string message;
char* error_text = nullptr;
// Use MBCS version of FormatMessage to match return value.
size_t error_text_size = ::FormatMessageA(
FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
nullptr, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
reinterpret_cast<char*>(&error_text), 0, nullptr);
if (!error_text) {
return message;
}
message.assign(error_text, error_text_size);
::LocalFree(error_text);
return message;
}
Status WindowsError(const std::string& context, DWORD error_code) {
if (error_code == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND || error_code == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND)
return Status::NotFound(context, GetWindowsErrorMessage(error_code));
return Status::IOError(context, GetWindowsErrorMessage(error_code));
}
class ScopedHandle {
public:
ScopedHandle(HANDLE handle) : handle_(handle) {}
ScopedHandle(ScopedHandle&& other) noexcept : handle_(other.Release()) {}
~ScopedHandle() { Close(); }
ScopedHandle& operator=(ScopedHandle&& rhs) noexcept {
if (this != &rhs) handle_ = rhs.Release();
return *this;
}
bool Close() {
if (!is_valid()) {
return true;
}
HANDLE h = handle_;
handle_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
return ::CloseHandle(h);
}
bool is_valid() const {
return handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && handle_ != nullptr;
}
HANDLE get() const { return handle_; }
HANDLE Release() {
HANDLE h = handle_;
handle_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
return h;
}
private:
HANDLE handle_;
};
// Helper class to limit resource usage to avoid exhaustion.
// Currently used to limit read-only file descriptors and mmap file usage
// so that we do not run out of file descriptors or virtual memory, or run into
// kernel performance problems for very large databases.
class Limiter {
public:
// Limit maximum number of resources to |max_acquires|.
Limiter(int max_acquires) : acquires_allowed_(max_acquires) {}
Limiter(const Limiter&) = delete;
Limiter operator=(const Limiter&) = delete;
// If another resource is available, acquire it and return true.
// Else return false.
bool Acquire() {
int old_acquires_allowed =
acquires_allowed_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
if (old_acquires_allowed > 0) return true;
acquires_allowed_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
return false;
}
// Release a resource acquired by a previous call to Acquire() that returned
// true.
void Release() { acquires_allowed_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); }
private:
// The number of available resources.
//
// This is a counter and is not tied to the invariants of any other class, so
// it can be operated on safely using std::memory_order_relaxed.
std::atomic<int> acquires_allowed_;
};
class WindowsSequentialFile : public SequentialFile {
public:
WindowsSequentialFile(std::string fname, ScopedHandle file)
: filename_(fname), file_(std::move(file)) {}
~WindowsSequentialFile() override {}
Status Read(size_t n, Slice* result, char* scratch) override {
Status s;
DWORD bytes_read;
// DWORD is 32-bit, but size_t could technically be larger. However leveldb
// files are limited to leveldb::Options::max_file_size which is clamped to
// 1<<30 or 1 GiB.
assert(n <= std::numeric_limits<DWORD>::max());
if (!::ReadFile(file_.get(), scratch, static_cast<DWORD>(n), &bytes_read,
nullptr)) {
s = WindowsError(filename_, ::GetLastError());
} else {
*result = Slice(scratch, bytes_read);
}
return s;
}
Status Skip(uint64_t n) override {
LARGE_INTEGER distance;
distance.QuadPart = n;
if (!::SetFilePointerEx(file_.get(), distance, nullptr, FILE_CURRENT)) {
return WindowsError(filename_, ::GetLastError());
}
return Status::OK();
}
private:
std::string filename_;
ScopedHandle file_;
};
class WindowsRandomAccessFile : public RandomAccessFile {
public:
WindowsRandomAccessFile(std::string fname, ScopedHandle handle)
: filename_(fname), handle_(std::move(handle)) {}
~WindowsRandomAccessFile() override = default;
Status Read(uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result,
char* scratch) const override {
DWORD bytes_read = 0;
OVERLAPPED overlapped = {0};
overlapped.OffsetHigh = static_cast<DWORD>(offset >> 32);
overlapped.Offset = static_cast<DWORD>(offset);
if (!::ReadFile(handle_.get(), scratch, static_cast<DWORD>(n), &bytes_read,
&overlapped)) {
DWORD error_code = ::GetLastError();
if (error_code != ERROR_HANDLE_EOF) {
*result = Slice(scratch, 0);
return Status::IOError(filename_, GetWindowsErrorMessage(error_code));
}
}
*result = Slice(scratch, bytes_read);
return Status::OK();
}
private:
std::string filename_;
ScopedHandle handle_;
};
class WindowsMmapReadableFile : public RandomAccessFile {
public:
// base[0,length-1] contains the mmapped contents of the file.
WindowsMmapReadableFile(std::string fname, void* base, size_t length,
Limiter* limiter)
: filename_(std::move(fname)),
mmapped_region_(base),
length_(length),
limiter_(limiter) {}
~WindowsMmapReadableFile() override {
::UnmapViewOfFile(mmapped_region_);
limiter_->Release();
}
Status Read(uint64_t offset, size_t n, Slice* result,
char* scratch) const override {
Status s;
if (offset + n > length_) {
*result = Slice();
s = WindowsError(filename_, ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
} else {
*result = Slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(mmapped_region_) + offset, n);
}
return s;
}
private:
std::string filename_;
void* mmapped_region_;
size_t length_;
Limiter* limiter_;
};
class WindowsWritableFile : public WritableFile {
public:
WindowsWritableFile(std::string fname, ScopedHandle handle)
: filename_(std::move(fname)), handle_(std::move(handle)), pos_(0) {}
~WindowsWritableFile() override = default;
Status Append(const Slice& data) override {
size_t n = data.size();
const char* p = data.data();
// Fit as much as possible into buffer.
size_t copy = std::min(n, kWritableFileBufferSize - pos_);
memcpy(buf_ + pos_, p, copy);
p += copy;
n -= copy;
pos_ += copy;
if (n == 0) {
return Status::OK();
}
// Can't fit in buffer, so need to do at least one write.
Status s = FlushBuffered();
if (!s.ok()) {
return s;
}
// Small writes go to buffer, large writes are written directly.
if (n < kWritableFileBufferSize) {
memcpy(buf_, p, n);
pos_ = n;
return Status::OK();
}
return WriteRaw(p, n);
}
Status Close() override {
Status result = FlushBuffered();
if (!handle_.Close() && result.ok()) {
result = WindowsError(filename_, ::GetLastError());
}
return result;
}
Status Flush() override { return FlushBuffered(); }
Status Sync() override {
// On Windows no need to sync parent directory. It's metadata will be
// updated via the creation of the new file, without an explicit sync.
return FlushBuffered();
}
private:
Status FlushBuffered() {
Status s = WriteRaw(buf_, pos_);
pos_ = 0;
return s;
}
Status WriteRaw(const char* p, size_t n) {
DWORD bytes_written;
if (!::WriteFile(handle_.get(), p, static_cast<DWORD>(n), &bytes_written,
nullptr)) {
return Status::IOError(filename_,
GetWindowsErrorMessage(::GetLastError()));
}
return Status::OK();
}
// buf_[0, pos_-1] contains data to be written to handle_.
const std::string filename_;
ScopedHandle handle_;
char buf_[kWritableFileBufferSize];
size_t pos_;
};
// Lock or unlock the entire file as specified by |lock|. Returns true
// when successful, false upon failure. Caller should call ::GetLastError()
// to determine cause of failure
bool LockOrUnlock(HANDLE handle, bool lock) {
if (lock) {
return ::LockFile(handle,
/*dwFileOffsetLow=*/0, /*dwFileOffsetHigh=*/0,
/*nNumberOfBytesToLockLow=*/MAXDWORD,
/*nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh=*/MAXDWORD);
} else {
return ::UnlockFile(handle,
/*dwFileOffsetLow=*/0, /*dwFileOffsetHigh=*/0,
/*nNumberOfBytesToLockLow=*/MAXDWORD,
/*nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh=*/MAXDWORD);
}
}
class WindowsFileLock : public FileLock {
public:
WindowsFileLock(ScopedHandle handle, std::string name)
: handle_(std::move(handle)), name_(std::move(name)) {}
ScopedHandle& handle() { return handle_; }
const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
private:
ScopedHandle handle_;
std::string name_;
};
class WindowsEnv : public Env {
public:
WindowsEnv();
~WindowsEnv() override {
static char msg[] = "Destroying Env::Default()\n";
fwrite(msg, 1, sizeof(msg), stderr);
abort();
}
Status NewSequentialFile(const std::string& fname,
SequentialFile** result) override {
*result = nullptr;
DWORD desired_access = GENERIC_READ;
DWORD share_mode = FILE_SHARE_READ;
ScopedHandle handle =
::CreateFileA(fname.c_str(), desired_access, share_mode, nullptr,
OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
if (!handle.is_valid()) {
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
*result = new WindowsSequentialFile(fname, std::move(handle));
return Status::OK();
}
Status NewRandomAccessFile(const std::string& fname,
RandomAccessFile** result) override {
*result = nullptr;
DWORD desired_access = GENERIC_READ;
DWORD share_mode = FILE_SHARE_READ;
DWORD file_flags = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;
ScopedHandle handle =
::CreateFileA(fname.c_str(), desired_access, share_mode, nullptr,
OPEN_EXISTING, file_flags, nullptr);
if (!handle.is_valid()) {
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
if (!mmap_limiter_.Acquire()) {
*result = new WindowsRandomAccessFile(fname, std::move(handle));
return Status::OK();
}
LARGE_INTEGER file_size;
if (!::GetFileSizeEx(handle.get(), &file_size)) {
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
ScopedHandle mapping =
::CreateFileMappingA(handle.get(),
/*security attributes=*/nullptr, PAGE_READONLY,
/*dwMaximumSizeHigh=*/0,
/*dwMaximumSizeLow=*/0, nullptr);
if (mapping.is_valid()) {
void* base = MapViewOfFile(mapping.get(), FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 0);
if (base) {
*result = new WindowsMmapReadableFile(
fname, base, static_cast<size_t>(file_size.QuadPart),
&mmap_limiter_);
return Status::OK();
}
}
Status s = WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
if (!s.ok()) {
mmap_limiter_.Release();
}
return s;
}
Status NewWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
WritableFile** result) override {
DWORD desired_access = GENERIC_WRITE;
DWORD share_mode = 0;
ScopedHandle handle =
::CreateFileA(fname.c_str(), desired_access, share_mode, nullptr,
CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
if (!handle.is_valid()) {
*result = nullptr;
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
*result = new WindowsWritableFile(fname, std::move(handle));
return Status::OK();
}
Status NewAppendableFile(const std::string& fname,
WritableFile** result) override {
ScopedHandle handle =
::CreateFileA(fname.c_str(), FILE_APPEND_DATA, 0, nullptr, OPEN_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
if (!handle.is_valid()) {
*result = nullptr;
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
*result = new WindowsWritableFile(fname, std::move(handle));
return Status::OK();
}
bool FileExists(const std::string& fname) override {
return GetFileAttributesA(fname.c_str()) != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
}
Status GetChildren(const std::string& dir,
std::vector<std::string>* result) override {
const std::string find_pattern = dir + "\\*";
WIN32_FIND_DATAA find_data;
HANDLE dir_handle = ::FindFirstFileA(find_pattern.c_str(), &find_data);
if (dir_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
DWORD last_error = ::GetLastError();
if (last_error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) {
return Status::OK();
}
return WindowsError(dir, last_error);
}
do {
char base_name[_MAX_FNAME];
char ext[_MAX_EXT];
if (!_splitpath_s(find_data.cFileName, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0, base_name,
ARRAYSIZE(base_name), ext, ARRAYSIZE(ext))) {
result->emplace_back(std::string(base_name) + ext);
}
} while (::FindNextFileA(dir_handle, &find_data));
DWORD last_error = ::GetLastError();
::FindClose(dir_handle);
if (last_error != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
return WindowsError(dir, last_error);
}
return Status::OK();
}
Status DeleteFile(const std::string& fname) override {
if (!::DeleteFileA(fname.c_str())) {
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
return Status::OK();
}
Status CreateDir(const std::string& name) override {
if (!::CreateDirectoryA(name.c_str(), nullptr)) {
return WindowsError(name, ::GetLastError());
}
return Status::OK();
}
Status DeleteDir(const std::string& name) override {
if (!::RemoveDirectoryA(name.c_str())) {
return WindowsError(name, ::GetLastError());
}
return Status::OK();
}
Status GetFileSize(const std::string& fname, uint64_t* size) override {
WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA attrs;
if (!::GetFileAttributesExA(fname.c_str(), GetFileExInfoStandard, &attrs)) {
return WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
}
ULARGE_INTEGER file_size;
file_size.HighPart = attrs.nFileSizeHigh;
file_size.LowPart = attrs.nFileSizeLow;
*size = file_size.QuadPart;
return Status::OK();
}
Status RenameFile(const std::string& src,
const std::string& target) override {
// Try a simple move first. It will only succeed when |to_path| doesn't
// already exist.
if (::MoveFileA(src.c_str(), target.c_str())) {
return Status::OK();
}
DWORD move_error = ::GetLastError();
// Try the full-blown replace if the move fails, as ReplaceFile will only
// succeed when |to_path| does exist. When writing to a network share, we
// may not be able to change the ACLs. Ignore ACL errors then
// (REPLACEFILE_IGNORE_MERGE_ERRORS).
if (::ReplaceFileA(target.c_str(), src.c_str(), nullptr,
REPLACEFILE_IGNORE_MERGE_ERRORS, nullptr, nullptr)) {
return Status::OK();
}
DWORD replace_error = ::GetLastError();
// In the case of FILE_ERROR_NOT_FOUND from ReplaceFile, it is likely
// that |to_path| does not exist. In this case, the more relevant error
// comes from the call to MoveFile.
if (replace_error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ||
replace_error == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND) {
return WindowsError(src, move_error);
} else {
return WindowsError(src, replace_error);
}
}
Status LockFile(const std::string& fname, FileLock** lock) override {
*lock = nullptr;
Status result;
ScopedHandle handle = ::CreateFileA(
fname.c_str(), GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ,
/*lpSecurityAttributes=*/nullptr, OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
nullptr);
if (!handle.is_valid()) {
result = WindowsError(fname, ::GetLastError());
} else if (!LockOrUnlock(handle.get(), true)) {
result = WindowsError("lock " + fname, ::GetLastError());
} else {
*lock = new WindowsFileLock(std::move(handle), std::move(fname));
}
return result;
}
Status UnlockFile(FileLock* lock) override {
std::unique_ptr<WindowsFileLock> my_lock(
reinterpret_cast<WindowsFileLock*>(lock));
Status result;
if (!LockOrUnlock(my_lock->handle().get(), false)) {
result = WindowsError("unlock", ::GetLastError());
}
return result;
}
void Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg) override;
void StartThread(void (*function)(void* arg), void* arg) override {
std::thread t(function, arg);
t.detach();
}
Status GetTestDirectory(std::string* result) override {
const char* env = getenv("TEST_TMPDIR");
if (env && env[0] != '\0') {
*result = env;
return Status::OK();
}
char tmp_path[MAX_PATH];
if (!GetTempPathA(ARRAYSIZE(tmp_path), tmp_path)) {
return WindowsError("GetTempPath", ::GetLastError());
}
std::stringstream ss;
ss << tmp_path << "leveldbtest-" << std::this_thread::get_id();
*result = ss.str();
// Directory may already exist
CreateDir(*result);
return Status::OK();
}
Status NewLogger(const std::string& filename, Logger** result) override {
std::FILE* fp = std::fopen(filename.c_str(), "w");
if (fp == nullptr) {
*result = nullptr;
return WindowsError("NewLogger", ::GetLastError());
} else {
*result = new WindowsLogger(fp);
return Status::OK();
}
}
uint64_t NowMicros() override {
// GetSystemTimeAsFileTime typically has a resolution of 10-20 msec.
// TODO(cmumford): Switch to GetSystemTimePreciseAsFileTime which is
// available in Windows 8 and later.
FILETIME ft;
::GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&ft);
// Each tick represents a 100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601
// (UTC).
uint64_t num_ticks =
(static_cast<uint64_t>(ft.dwHighDateTime) << 32) + ft.dwLowDateTime;
return num_ticks / 10;
}
void SleepForMicroseconds(int micros) override {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(micros));
}
private:
// Entry per Schedule() call
struct BGItem {
void* arg;
void (*function)(void*);
};
// BGThread() is the body of the background thread
void BGThread();
std::mutex mu_;
std::condition_variable bgsignal_;
bool started_bgthread_;
std::deque<BGItem> queue_;
Limiter mmap_limiter_;
};
// Return the maximum number of concurrent mmaps.
int MaxMmaps() {
if (g_mmap_limit >= 0) {
return g_mmap_limit;
}
// Up to 1000 mmaps for 64-bit binaries; none for smaller pointer sizes.
g_mmap_limit = sizeof(void*) >= 8 ? 1000 : 0;
return g_mmap_limit;
}
WindowsEnv::WindowsEnv()
: started_bgthread_(false), mmap_limiter_(MaxMmaps()) {}
void WindowsEnv::Schedule(void (*function)(void*), void* arg) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mu_);
// Start background thread if necessary
if (!started_bgthread_) {
started_bgthread_ = true;
std::thread t(&WindowsEnv::BGThread, this);
t.detach();
}
// If the queue is currently empty, the background thread may currently be
// waiting.
if (queue_.empty()) {
bgsignal_.notify_one();
}
// Add to priority queue
queue_.push_back(BGItem());
queue_.back().function = function;
queue_.back().arg = arg;
}
void WindowsEnv::BGThread() {
while (true) {
// Wait until there is an item that is ready to run
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(mu_);
bgsignal_.wait(lk, [this] { return !queue_.empty(); });
void (*function)(void*) = queue_.front().function;
void* arg = queue_.front().arg;
queue_.pop_front();
lk.unlock();
(*function)(arg);
}
}
} // namespace
static std::once_flag once;
static Env* default_env;
static void InitDefaultEnv() { default_env = new WindowsEnv(); }
void EnvWindowsTestHelper::SetReadOnlyMMapLimit(int limit) {
assert(default_env == nullptr);
g_mmap_limit = limit;
}
Env* Env::Default() {
std::call_once(once, InitDefaultEnv);
return default_env;
}
} // namespace leveldb